What Chickens Can and Cannot Eat

Start with the base ration, because it is what actually determines health and production. Chick starter, grower and layer feeds are formulated to supply the right balance of protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals for each life stage. Treats dilute that balance. A common guideline is to keep treats to around ten percent of total intake. A flock filled up on scratch grain, bread and vegetable scraps is effectively on a low-protein, unbalanced diet, and the results show up as thin shells, poor feathering and reduced laying.

Plenty of foods are genuinely good supplements. Leafy greens such as kale, chard, lettuce and cabbage are popular and can be hung up to provide entertainment. Most vegetables work well: cucumbers, courgettes, pumpkin and squash including the seeds, carrots, peas, broccoli, cooked sweet potato and cooked plain beans. Fruits such as berries, melon, apple flesh, banana and stone fruit flesh are welcome in moderation, though they are sugary. Cooked plain grains, oats and cooked pasta or rice are fine occasionally. Protein extras such as mealworms, scrambled or cooked eggs, and plain yoghurt in small amounts are useful during a molt. Herbs, garden weeds and grass clippings that have not been treated with chemicals are all fine.

The avoid list is shorter but important. Do not feed dried or raw beans, especially kidney beans, which contain a toxin that is destroyed only by proper cooking. Avoid avocado, particularly the skin and stone. Green or sprouted potato and potato peel, along with green tomato and the leaves of tomato, potato, aubergine and pepper plants, all belong to a plant family containing solanine and are best kept away. Rhubarb leaves, onion in quantity, chocolate, coffee grounds, alcohol and anything heavily salted, sugary, fried or highly processed should not be offered. Never feed mouldy or spoiled food, since some moulds produce toxins that are dangerous in very small amounts, and do not offer raw eggshell in recognisable form, because it encourages egg eating.

Some common questions have nuanced answers. Bread is not toxic but is empty calories and swells in the crop, so keep it to a rare scrap. Meat scraps are not harmful in themselves, chickens are natural predators of insects and small animals, but raw meat and dairy in quantity spoil quickly, attract vermin and can cause digestive upset. Citrus is widely debated; small amounts are generally fine, and most chickens are simply uninterested. Scratch grain is a treat, not a feed, and is best given in small amounts, particularly in cold weather. Many regions also have legal restrictions on feeding kitchen waste to poultry, so check your local rules.

Two supplements deserve their own mention. Grit is small insoluble stone that sits in the gizzard and grinds food, and any bird eating anything other than formulated crumble or pellets needs access to it. Ranging birds usually find their own; confined birds and those in snow need it provided. Calcium, usually as crushed oyster shell, should be offered free choice in a separate container so laying hens can take what they need and non-laying birds are not forced to consume excess. Do not mix calcium into the feed of a mixed-age flock.

Finally, remember water. It is the single most important nutrient, it is what limits both feed intake and egg production first, and a flock that goes even part of a day without clean liquid water will show it. Provide more containers than you think you need, keep them clean, and check them daily. If a bird stops eating, loses condition, has a swollen crop or shows any sign of illness, that is a matter for a poultry veterinarian or your regional extension service rather than a dietary experiment.